Mohd Aidil Subhan

It is only possible to elucidate, explain and offer new perspectives on a language planning activity if planners and policy-makers have a reasonable understanding of the main issues and concerns of the language community for whom the language is being planned as well as an understanding of the concept of language ecology (Kaplan & Baldauf, 1997; Haugen, 1972/2001), its present relationship to language planning and their relationship historically. By language ecology, we simply mean the interaction of a language with its environment. There is a need for academic research that details the concerns, both perceived and real, of the Malay language community against a background of language shift and changing attitude towards the language, and the current language ecology and to contextualise these against the policy and planning initiatives of the state. This project hopes to document: 1) The history of the policy and planning of the Malay language in education since 1956; 2) The present language ecology of the Malay language in Singapore; and 3) The contemporary issues and concerns of the main stakeholders with regards to the planning of Malay language in education. Besides taking into consideration the diachronic view of how planning can result in a changed language ecology, the project will also provide a context of the exoglossic corpus planning of the Malay language in education in Singapore, given the state-sanctioned impact of the proximate language ecologies of Malaysia and Indonesia. The project will therefore: 1) Gather the responses of stakeholders in the community to provide a documentation of the perceived and actual outcomes of the policy and planning of Malay language in education, as well as 2) Evaluate how the status planning that has been done by the state over the past five decades may have led to the formation of a certain language ecology that may or may not support the current assumptions of planning for Malay language in education.

Singapore’s bilingual policy has been dubbed an English-knowing bilingual system, in which English is the main language followed by a choice of any one of the three mother tongue languages: Mandarin, Malay, or Tamil. Among the three mother tongue languages, there is a perception that the language policy is Mandarin-inspired, especially given the opening up of China and the growing economic importance of learning Mandarin.

There is also a worry among Malay speakers that in spite of its status as the national language and one of the four official languages, Malay has seen its role within Singapore diminish from that of a language of unity and wider communication to a language of cultural repository, which is largely symbolic in nature. This will in turn affect its stated role as a “cultural ballast” in Singapore’s bilingual framework.

Thus, there is a need for academic research that would detail these concerns, both perceived and real, among the Malay language community against a background of language shift and changing attitudes toward the language as a result of the bilingual policy and to analyze the impact of the English-knowing and Mandarin-led bilingual system. This research will list selected educational review reports and relate it to its impact on Malay language planning and offer a response in terms of pedagogical approaches required to address the changing demographics and language shift among Malay learners.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the use of Malay language in five short stories from Malaysia and five short stories from Singapore. The ten short stories are as follows:

Malaysia

● Tanang Village (Kampung Tanang) by Ab. Rahman Nayan.
● Hot Chilli Gravy (Gulai Lemak Cili Api) by Azyan Juhaida Abd. Rahman.
● Between Padi, the Farmer and the Grass (Antara Padi, Petani dan Rumput) by Emylya Othman.
● A Lover (Pekasih) by Esmawady Mohd. Esa.
● The Person I Once Knew (Dia Yang Kukenali) by Hafizah Iszahanid.

Singapore

● Sulaiman the Slyman (Sulaiman Slyman) by Mohammed Thamrin Kamsan.
● Teenage Doctor (Doktor Remaja) by Sharifah Khadijah Aljoofri.
● Last Letter for Lin (Warkah Terakhir Buat Tatapan Lin) by Norfazilah Abdul Rashid.
● Yesterdays Epilogue (Epilog Semalam) by Hazleeya Mad Ali.
● Ira by Masidah Kamis.

These short stories were analysed based on sentence construction, word order, and language style, with emphasis on aesthetic value. The research aims at identifying writing styles of young writers from Malaysia and Singapore. This research uses various approaches, in particular, the linguistic and literary approaches.

The linguistic approach looks basically at sentence construction. It looks at how the sentence construction is able to enhance the aesthetic value of the writing. Denotative and connotative words are looked at as well as the use of personification and metaphors. Data on word group is also collected in order to ascertain variety of words used.

The literary approach looks into the style of writing. Style refers to the use of repetitive words, and cohesiveness of the sentence and text. The young writers' ability to expand ideas and innovate through language is something interesting to look at. This research only looks at a few aspects, therefore a more comprehensive study should be done based on these findings.

It is only possible to elucidate, explain and offer new perspectives on a language planning activity if planners and policy-makers have a reasonable understanding of the main issues and concerns of the language community for whom the language is being planned for as well as an understanding of the concept of language ecology (Kaplan & Baldauf, 1997; Haugen, 1972/2001), its present relationship to language planning and their relationship historically. By language ecology, we simply mean the interaction of a language with its environment. There is a need for academic research that details the concerns, both perceived and real, of the Malay language community against a background of language shift and changing attitude towards the language, and the current language ecology and to contextualise these against the policy and planning initiatives of the state. This paper hopes to document: 1) The history of the policy and planning of the Malay language in education since 1956; 2) The present language ecology of the Malay language in Singapore; and 3) The contemporary issues and concerns of the main stakeholders with regards to the planning of Malay language in education.

This book consists of 24 selected scholarly papers with insightful thoughts and observations of the three Mother Tongue Languages (MTL) -- Chinese, Malay and Tamil -- education in Singapore. To promote research and application of MTL teaching, as well as to provide a platform for scholars and practitioners of MTL to communicate thoughts and share experiences, this quadrilingual academic book discussed the bilingual context of Singapore, the MTL curriculum and teaching resources, as well as the teaching and assessment of MTL in the Singaporean context. -- Publisher's website.