Yang Yang

Orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) is one of the most promising anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries because of its rich chemistry associated with multiple valence states and intriguing layered structure. However, MoO₃ still suffers from the low rate capability and poor cycle induced by pulverization during de/sodiation. An ingenious two‐step synthesis strategy to fine tune the layer structure of MoO₃ targeting stable and fast sodium ionic diffusion channels is reported here. By integrating partially reduction and organic molecule intercalation methodologies, the interlayer spacing of MoO₃ is remarkably enlarged to 10.40 Å and the layer structural integration are reinforced by dimercapto groups of bismuththiol molecules. Comprehensive characterizations and density functional theory calculations prove that the intercalated bismuththiol (DMcT) molecules substantially enhanced electronic conductivity and effectively shield the electrostatic interaction between Na⁺ and the MoO₃ host by conjugated double bond, resulting in improved Na⁺ insertion/extraction kinetics. Benefiting from these features, the newly devised layered MoO₃ electrode achieves excellent long‐term cycling stability and outstanding rate performance. These achievements are of vital significance for the preparation of sodium‐ion battery anode materials with high‐rate capability and long cycling life using intercalation chemistry.

The study is the first to examine the developmental trajectory of emotion knowledge as it relates to psychosocial adjustment in a cross-cultural context. European American (EA, n = 68, 28 boys) and Chinese American (CA, n = 62, 31 boys) children and their mothers participated. Children's emotion knowledge was assessed, and their psychosocial adjustment was reported by mothers at three time points when children were 6.5, 7, and 8 years of age. Although EA children had greater emotion knowledge at Time 1, CA children's emotion knowledge grew faster over the following 1.5 years. In addition, emotion knowledge predicted fewer internalizing problems in CA children but predicted fewer externalizing problems in EA children. Thus, emotion knowledge was associated with psychosocial adjustment for both cultural groups, and particularly helpful for children to cope with issues to which they are most vulnerable in their respective cultural contexts. The findings shed critical light on the developmental trajectories of emotion understanding and psychosocial adjustment in specific cultural contexts.

Lithium shortage and growing demand for electricity storage encourage researchers to look for new alternative energy storage materials. Due to the abundant potassium resources, similar redox potential to lithium metal and low cost, potassium ion batteries (PIBs), as one of the promising alternatives, are applied in energy storage research recently. However, PIBs do not have adequate competition in their electrochemical efficiency because the molar volume of potassium ions is higher than those in lithium and sodium ions. Therefore, for the better application and development of PIBs, finding suitable anode and cathode materials becomes the most important task currently. The latest developments in electrode materials for PIBs have been outlined in depth in this review. It focuses on novel electrode material structure design and synthesis methods, ingenious optimization and tuning strategies, and the explanation of intrinsic reaction mechanism. The effects of organic electrolytes and aqueous electrolytes on battery systems are compared and clarified. Finally, theoretical and viable insight is given to the challenges posed by the creation and practical application of PIBs in future.

Anions in the electrolyte are usually ignored in conventional "rocking-chair" batteries because only cationic de-/intercalation is considered. An ingenious scheme combining LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4 (LMFP@C) and graphite as a hybrid cathode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is elaborately designed in order to exploit the potential value of anions for battery performance. The hybrid cathode has a higher conductivity and energy density than any of the individual components, allowing for the co-utilization of cations and anions through the de-/intercalation of Li+ and PF6− over a wide voltage range. The optimal compound with a weight mix ratio of LMFP@C: graphite= 5: 1 can deliver the highest specific capacity of nearly 140 mA h/g at 0.1 C and the highest voltage plateau of around 4.95 V by adjusting the appropriate mixing ratio. In addition, cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrode kinetics of Li+ and PF6- diffusion in the hybrid compound at various scan rates. In situ X-ray diffraction is also performed to further demonstrate the structural evolution of the hybrid cathode during the charge/discharge process.

We suggest that prior to school entry, our earliest “teachers” and “learning settings” —that is, our parents, caregivers, and homes—provide signals about our environmental conditions. In turn, our brains may interpret this information as cues indicating the types of environments we will likely face and adapt accordingly. We discuss ways in which two such early-life cues—bilingual exposure and sensitive caregiving quality, influence “domain general” neurocircuitry and associated functioning (e.g., temperament and emotional reactivity, emotion regulation, relational memory, exploratory play, and executive functioning), as well as pre-academic outcomes. We conclude by discussing the need for early upstream intervention programmes, as well as the need for additional research including our upcoming “BE POSITIVE” study, designed to help bridge the gap between the community, home, and school environments.

Emotion recognition plays an important role in children’s socio-emotional development. Research on children’s emotion recognition has heavily relied on stimulus sets of photos of adults posed stereotyped facial configurations. The Child Affective Facial Expression set (CAFE) is a relatively new stimulus set that provides researchers with photographs of a diverse group of children’s facial configurations in seven emotional categories—angry, sad, happy, fearful, disgusted, surprised, and neutral. However, the large size of the full CAFE set makes it less ideal for research in children. Here, we introduce two subsets of CAFE with 140 photographs of children’s facial configurations in each set, diverse in the race and ethnicity of the models, and designed to produce variability in naïve observers. The subsets have been validated with 1000 adult participants.

This study examined the relations between maternal reactions to children’s negative emotions and children’s socio-emotional outcomes, including psychological adjustment, emotion knowledge, and coping strategies. European American and Chinese immigrant mothers reported on their reactions to children’s (N = 117, M = 7.14 years) negative emotions and on children’s psychological adjustment. One year later, children were interviewed for emotion knowledge and mothers reported on children’s use of coping strategies. Mothers from the two cultural groups reported the same level of supportive reactions to their children’s negative emotions, whereas Chinese immigrant mothers more often adopted what are commonly considered to be non-supportive strategies than did European American mothers. Whereas supportive maternal reactions were associated with better child outcomes in both cultures, maternal non-supportive reactions were negatively associated with children’s functioning for European American children but not for Chinese immigrant children. The findings shed critical light on the functional meaning of parenting practices in specific cultural contexts in shaping developmental outcomes.

Due to high energy density, abundant resource and eco-friendly efficiency, rechargeable zinc air batteries (ZABs) have been recognized as promising alternative energy storage systems for conventional lithium-ion batteries for powering vehicles. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics of oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution on the air electrodes of ZABs require to developing cost-effective and high-efficiency bifunctional electrocatalysts for commercialization ZABs. Currently, transition metal-based materials have been explored as potential bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs with the advantages of highly activity, cost-effective and excellent stability. Therefore, this review intends to give a comprehensive overview on developments of transition metal-based catalysts (TMCAs) in most recently. According to different constitutions of TMCAs, catalysts of single atom, nanoalloys, oxides, hydroxides, chalcogenides, nitrides and phosphides are systematically introduced in the review. The structural modulations of TMCAs via nanosizing, heteroatom doping and their interface effect are also discussed since they play vital roles in exposing sufficient intrinsic active sites for enhancing the catalytic performance. Finally, the existing challenges of TMCAs and feasible strategies for enhancing the bifunctional catalytic performance and promoting the performance of ZABs are also explored detailly. Based on this review, we hope to provide reference values for building effective bifunctional electrocatalysts for commercial rechargeable ZABs.

Rechargeable aqueous metal-ion batteries are very promising because of their green and safe inherent features as alternative energy storage devices during the post-lithium-ion era. Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have been studied extensively among different aqueous metal ion batteries recently due to some unique and outstanding benefits of ZIBs that promise for large-scale power storage systems. However, zinc anode problems in ZIBs such as zinc dendrite and side reactions severely shorten ZIB's cycle lifetime, thus restricting their practical application. Here, we sum up in detail recent progress of general strategy to suppress zinc dendrite and zinc anode side reactions based on advanced material and structure design including the modification of planar zinc electrode surface layer, internal structural optimization of zinc bulk electrode, modification of the electrolyte and construction of the multifunctional separator. The various functional materials, structures and battery efficiency are discussed. Finally, the challenges for ZIBs are identified in their production of functional zinc anodes.

Cultural experiences can influence how people attend to different emotional cues. Whereas semantic content explicitly describes feelings, vocal tone conveys implicit information regarding emotions. This cross-cultural study examined children’s attention to emotional cues in spoken words. The sample consisted of 121 European American (EA) and 120 Chinese children (4–9 years old). Each child played two computer games in which they listened to spoken words and judged the pleasantness of either the word meaning (Word game) or the vocal tone (Tone game) while ignoring the other aspect. Chinese children paid more spontaneous attention to vocal tones and less to word meanings than did EA children. These findings shed critical light on the role of culture in shaping affective cognitive processes during development.