Master of Arts (Counselling & Guidance)

This study seeks to compare Third Culture Kids (TCKs) and non-TCKs who had studied in Asia on their cultural adaptability and sense of belonging. It was hypothesized that TCKs would be more culturally adaptable and have a lower sense of belonging compared to non-TCKs. Cultural adaptation and sense of belonging were also hypothesized to be inversely correlated. Cultural adaptation was measured using the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) and sense of belonging was measured via the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM). Participants were categorized into TCKs and non-TCKs based on their responses on the Brief Demographics Form. There were 246 participants in this study with 124 TCKs and 122 non-TCKs. Results obtained provided evidence that TCKs are more culturally adaptable than non-TCKs, specifically on knowledge, awareness, motivation, and behavior when interacting with other cultures. TCKs had a lower emotional attachment to their ethnic identity than non-TCKs, though they did not differ in their knowledge and understanding of their ethnic group. For non-TCKs, there were small positive correlations between cultural adaptation and sense of belonging, between cultural adaptation and ethnic identity search’, and between the cognitive aspect of cultural intelligence and sense of belonging. For TCKs, there was an inverse correlation between the motivational aspect of cultural adaptation with sense of belonging and affirmation, belonging, and commitment. The metacognitive aspect of cultural adaptation was also positively related to ethnic identity search for all participants. TCKs and non-TCKs were found to relate to cultural adaptation and their sense of belonging differently. As the number of TCKs will increase with globalization, counselors can consider helping TCKs reinforce their sense of belonging and encourage TCKs to use their more culturally adaptable selves to their advantage and gain a sense of purpose from their multi-ethnicity by working with diverse population.

The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) follows a mandatory conscript system made up of both military regulars and enlisted soldiers to ensure that it remains a formidable fighting force for the national defence of the Nation.

Under the Enlistment Act, all male Singapore citizens and Permanent Residents (PRs) must complete two years of military service. The transition from a civilian life to a military one can be challenging and individuals might encounter adjustment difficulties. PRs who return back to Singapore to serve their NS liability face additional adjustment difficulties as they need to adapt to a new cultural environment.

The current study used a total of 206 participants who are currently serving their NS, of which 104 are Singaporean male citizens and 102 are Singaporean male PRs. This study explored the differences in the reported military adjustment between the two groups and the relationship between their coping styles to military adjustment. Lastly the study also explored the homesickness, perceived cultural distance and duration of stay in Singapore prior to enlistment as factors affecting PRs’ military adjustment.

The results of the study showed that PRs reported better military adjustment as compared to Singapore citizens. PRs also reported lesser use of maladaptive coping strategies. It was found that while duration of stay in Singapore prior to enlistment had no relationship with military adjustment; homesickness and perceived cultural distance was related to military adjustment; with homesickness being a significant predictor of military adjustment. The importance and implications of this study was also discussed.