Liu, Woon Chia

The purposes of this study were to validate the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ-S) and examine the physical self-description profiles using Latent Profile Analysis with a Chinese sample. A total of 744 secondary school students in China took part in the study. While the results provided support for internal reliability and discriminant validity of the PSDQ-S, they indicated that convergent validity required further testing. In addition, three distinct profiles were identified with unique physical self-concept and different levels of physical activity participation. The study showed that the PDSQ-S is useful in differentiating groups of adolescents with different levels of physical self-concept.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; 2 Jackson and Eklund, 2002). One thousand five hundred and seventy-eight secondary school 3 students (One thousand and seventy four males, four hundred and eleven females, ninety-three 4 missing) from six schools in Singapore completed the questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis 5 (CFA) was used to evaluate the factorial structure of the DFS-2. A nine-first-order factor model was 6 compared to a higher order model with a global flow factor. Support was found for the higher order 7 factor. Multigroup analysis demonstrated invariance of the factor forms, factor loadings, factor 8 variances, and factor covariances across age and sex. The DFS-2 subscales were found to have 9 acceptable reliability estimates, and convergent validity. We conclude that DFS-2 is a valid 10 instrument for assessing global flow experience in Internet gaming.

This study sought to develop and validate an instrument to measure teacher professional identity of student teachers. Through a literature review, three indicators, namely teacher self-efficacy, commitment to teaching and professional orientation, were chosen to form the construct for validation. The factor structure was first tested through confirmatory factor analysis using a sample of 185 student teachers and cross-validated using a new sample of 412. Evidence from goodness-of-fit statistics, parameter estimates and internal consistency indicated that the three indicators are valid factors of the construct. The instrument can provide information to better meet the developmental needs of student teachers.

The motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ) is widely used as a self-report instrument to assess students' motivation and self-regulation. This study utilized the MSLQ Junior High to examine the motivational beliefs and self-regulation of secondary school students (Grades 8 and 9) from Singapore. The instrument was slightly modified and administered to students (N = 610) in mathematics and science classes. In the first sample, 314 students completed the MSLQ Junior High while a second sample of 296 students completed the revised MSLQ Junior High. Using a congeneric approach of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the five-factor measurement model was determined with the first sample. This measurement model was further supported using a second sample and its goodness-of-fit indices were compared with other CFA models. Statistical findings showed that the five-factor structure of the revised MSLQ Junior High had a good model fit. The present study contributes a novel methodological approach by investigating the parsimony confirmatory factor structure of the revised MSLQ Junior High in local academic contexts.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between Japanese sporting culture, sport motivation, participation and life aspirations. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the three measurement models and hierarchical regressions were used to determine the predictors of sport participation and life aspirations. The results showed that sporting culture strongly predicted sport participation and life goals among Japanese university students. In addition, intrinsic motivation predicted sport participation, but not other forms of motivation. Introjected and intrinsic motivation predicted intrinsic life goals, whereas external and introjected regulations predicted extrinsic life goals. The results present an important facet of the influence of Japanese sport culture.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the 3 x 2 achievement goal questionnaire for sport. A total of 475 university athletes (263 males, 212 females), ranging from 20 to 29 years of age (M = 24.27, SD = 2.30) took part in the study. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported the measurement model of the 3 x 2 achievement goal questionnaire as well as the invariance of the measurement model across gender and type of sport. There were inconsistent loadings to the hypothesised latent factors in the uncorrelated-trait and uncorrelated-method to support the existence of the dual meaning models. Generally, the 3 x 2 achievement goals were linked to other key variables central to the achievement goal literature in a theoretically coherent manner. This study supported the use of the 3 x 2 achievement goal measure in the sport domain. Finally, the findings suggest some cultural differences between Singaporean and Western athletes in the conceptualization of approach and avoidance tendencies.