Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10497/22560
Title: 
Authors: 
Subjects: 
Confirmatory factor analysis
Exploratory structural equation modeling
Scale improvement
Personal characteristics
Multidimensionality
Issue Date: 
2020
Citation: 
Kawabata, M., Pavey, T. G., & Coulter, T. J. (2020). Evolving the validity of a mental toughness measure: Refined versions of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire-48. Stress and Health, 37(2), 378-391. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3004
Abstract: 
The Mental Toughness Questionnaire‐48 (MTQ48) is a 48‐item self‐report instrument to measure one's level of mental toughness. Despite its wide popularity in psychological studies, the questionnaire has been criticized due to its factorial validity. The present study aimed to re‐assess the factorial validity of the instrument and propose alternative models to provide researchers with theoretically and practically useful instruments to measure mental toughness. Two studies were conducted using large samples of university students (Study 1: n = 2186; Study 2: n = 3209). In Study 1, none of one‐, four‐ and six‐factor models with 48 items satisfactorily fit the data set. Instead, two refined 18‐ and 6‐item versions of the questionnaire, covering six aspects of mental toughness, were proposed: the Short MTQ and Very Short MTQ. Both measures demonstrated excellent fit to the data. These results were replicated with a larger independent sample in Study 2. With the Short MTQ, it is possible to represent mental toughness as a multidimensional construct consisting of a global mental toughness factor and six specific factors. The Very Short MTQ is a practical tool for occasions where constraints prevent use of the Short MTQ. The refined questionnaires are promising options to measure and understand individuals' mental toughness with the MTQ.
Description: 
This is the final draft, after peer-review, of a manuscript published in Stress and Health. The published version is available online at https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3004
URI: 
ISSN: 
1532-3005 (print)
1532-2998 (online)
DOI: 
File Permission: 
Open
File Availability: 
With file
Appears in Collections:Journal Articles

Files in This Item:
File Description SizeFormat 
SH-37-2-378.pdf872.36 kBAdobe PDFThumbnail
View/Open
Show full item record

SCOPUSTM   
Citations

5
checked on Jun 3, 2023

WEB OF SCIENCETM
Citations

5
checked on Jun 3, 2023

Page view(s) 20

249
checked on Jun 10, 2023

Download(s) 50

125
checked on Jun 10, 2023

Google ScholarTM

Check

Altmetric


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.