Chang, Chew Hung

The statistical relationship between urban canyon height-to-width (H/W) ratios and nocturnal heat island intensities for public housing estates in Singapore has been examined. Although a number of similar studies have been conducted for temperate cities, this is a first attempt at correlating H/W to heat island intensities for a tropical city. Heat island intensities were examined specifically at 22:00 h because a previous study of Singapore's heat island determined that the heat islands were well developed by that time. A total of 17 Housing Development Board (HDB) estates were studied and at least two vehicle traverses were conducted for each estate on nights with a few days of antecedent dry weather conditions. H/W ratios for each estate were tabulated by proportion of building length. The statistical analysis demonstrates that there is a positive relationship between the heat island intensities and the median H/W, such that ΔTu−r(max)=0.952 (median H/W)−0.021, statistically significant at α=0.05 with a p-value of 0.001 and a correlation coefficient of 0.53. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society

Students learn Geographical concepts more effectively if they can identify and generalize about where different resources or activities are spatially located and when they associate certain patterns and processes with geographical changes. Digital libraries can be used to support web-based student-centred inquiry as a mode of learning Geography. This study explores the affordances of a geographical digital repository (the G-Portal) which organizes information around problem tasks. Two phases of the project were to build a digital library for Geographical assets and to develop a place-name assignment algorithm which automatically determines the names of places embedded in web pages referenced by these assets so as to augment them with the appropriate location semantics. This G-Portal digital library serves an active role in collaborative learning activities in which students conduct a virtual field study of an environmental problem, within a geospatial context – in this case, beach erosion and sea level rise. GPortal also provides manipulation and analytical tools that can operate on the information retrieved.

This study identified secondary school students’ alternative conceptions (ACs) of climate change and their resistance to instruction. Using a case-based approach, a diagnostic test was administered to Secondary 3 male students in a pre-test and post-test. The ACs identified in the pre-test were on the causes of climate change, the natural greenhouse effect and its properties, the enhancement of the greenhouse effect, the elements involved in heat-trapping and their characteristics. There were also notable ACs on the effects of climate change, mostly on how the phenomenon is related to non-atmospheric events such as tsunami, earthquakes, acid rain and skin cancer. The students confuse the Montreal with the Kyoto Protocol as the primary treaty aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions. Whereas there was significant improvement in students’ understanding in the post-test, the distribution of responses for each of the ACs showed that the reduction in erroneous responses was not sufficient to reject the ACs fully. The authors recommend that instruction should move beyond patchwork pedagogy to a more explicit acknowledgement, incorporation and direct refutation of misconceived knowledge structures.

Set against the motivation for NIE/GPL to enhance Teacher Professional Development (TPD) in meeting the needs of our stakeholders, the question of what makes a teacher want to engage in TPD was raised. While a wide literature scan has shown numerous studies on TPD that illuminates different types of PD that teachers do consider effective, there exists little consensus on which type of PD works best. It is no surprise that there is inconclusive evidence on what makes a teacher want to do TPD. Today, the Singapore literature suffers from a dearth of empirical study to show what motivates a teacher to do TPD. Adopting a social psychology framework of Planned Behaviour Theory (TPB), this study sought to address the research problem above through a baseline study and an extended exploration on the factors affecting a teacher's motivation to do TPD. A variety of data collection methods were utilised in this study. In-depth interviews, questionnaire surveys and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were used to construct baseline statistics while observations and fieldwork deepened the exploration and provided the triangulation to data collection, essentially improving the reliability of the study. The findings from this study present various important implications for NIE and her partners through detailed analysis which might reshape the trajectory and if need be, modify the nature of Singapore’s TPD service delivery.

Environmental identity or how we orient ourselves to the natural world, leads us to personalize abstract global issues and take action (or not) according to our sense of who we are. Indeed, the often emotional nature of environmental conflicts can be associated with our sense of personal and social identity. Are we willing to give up our SUV for a more fuel-efficient car albeit our knowledge about the enhanced greenhouse effect? (Clayton and Opotow, 2003). In an era where web-based student-centred inquiry is gaining popularity as a mode of teaching and learning about environmental issues and potentially developing students’ environmental identities, the role of digital libraries as delivery trucks (terminology by Clark, 1983) needs to be understood better. An obvious affordance of such a digital library is that it organizes information around themes for problems to be solved. A developmental project to build a first digital library for Geographical assets was undertaken. This digital library (G-Portal) serves an active role in a collaborative learning activity in which the students conduct a field study of an environmental problem, within a geospatial context – in this case, beach erosion and sea level rise. G-Portal not only functions as a digital library of information resources, it also provides manipulation and analytical tools that can be used on the information provided. The concept of personal project space allows individuals to work in their personalized environment with a mix of private and public data and at the same time share part of the data with their team members. This allows students to explore the information, process the information, solve the problem posed and perhaps even form new understandings and reflections of their role in the natural environment.

The evaluation of classroom-based educational interventions is fraught with tensions, the most critical of which is choosing between focusing the inquiry on measuring the effects of treatment or in proximately utilizing the data to improve practice. This paper attempted to achieve both goals through the use of intervention-oriented evaluation of a professional development programme intended to diagnose and correct students’ misconceptions of climate change. Data was gathered, monitored and analyzed in three stages of a time-series design: the baseline, treatment and follow-up stages. The evaluation itself was the ‘intervention’ such that the data was allowed to ‘contaminate’ the treatment. This was achieved through giving the teacher unimpeded access to the collected information and to introduce midcourse corrections as she saw fit to her instruction. Results showed a significant development in students’ conceptual understanding only after the teacher’s decision to use direct and explicit refutation of misconceptions. Due to the accessibility of feedback, it was possible to locate specifically at which point in the process that the intervention was most effective. The efficacy of the intervention was then measured through comparing the scores across the three research stages. The inclusion of a comparison group to the design is recommended for future studies.

In balancing the role of assessment as an integral part of the curriculum and teaching process and that of a measurement and reporting tool, practitioners are often challenged to design good assessment tasks that fulfil these purposes as well as developing cognitive skills and abilities. While there are many research studies on inquiry in fieldwork and on assessment in geography education, there is little recognition on how the whole process of inquiry acts as a form of fieldwork assessment within geographical education. This chapter proposes that inquiry can be a mode of assessment for and as fieldwork and need not be solely administered at the end of fieldwork activities.

The urban heat island phenomenon was examined at three spatial scales in this study. At the island-wide scale, the existence of the nocturnal heat island phenomenon at 2200 hrs for various "seasons" of the year in Singapore was confirmed. The study was undertaken at 2200 hrs to allow for comparison with an earlier study in 1981. The intensity of the phenomenon varies both spatially and temporary. The nocturnal phenomenon has changed since it was last studied in 1981. Secondary heat islands are now present over some sub-urban areas which were previously rural. Previous studies of Singapore's nocturnal heat island have recognised and described the phenomenon substantially but have failed to establish statistical relationship between factors and the phenomenon.

This study established some statistical correlation between some factors (such as urban canyon geometry and size of estate) and the nocturnal heat island phenomenon through empirical data examined at local scales. Urban canyon geometry, in terms of height-to-width ratios, and the physical size of the housing estates have positive correlations but the areal extent of waterbodies has negative correlations with heat island intensities. The role of canyon geometry in the processes involved in the genesis of the phenomenon was further examined at a micro-scale, where three canyons were studied for spatial and temporal variation in ambient temperatures, insolation and wind speed. Results show that canyons with higher height-to-width ratios tend to have weaker winds at the canyon floor and large spatial difference in ambient air temperatures between canyon floor and canyon top. Using the statistical results, a model to predict 2200 hrs heat island intensities based on urban canyon geometry, size of estate and areal extent of waterbodies was proposed. This model gives an overall p-value of 0.0002 with urban canyon geometry being the most statistically significant of the three parameters included in the model.

For over 30 years, the Southeast Asian Geography Association (SEAGA) has provided a dynamic platform for the exchange of knowledge, research findings, and ideas among academics, policymakers, and educators from Southeast Asia and those working on Southeast Asia. Using Marsden’s (1989) notion of the politicization of geography by significant power groups, this article describes a critical narrative of the key trends, themes, and topics defining scholarly discourse in the community of SEAGA and its potential impact on school geography in the region. For each of the three decades (1990-1999, 2000-2009, and 2010-2019), the authors analyzed significant themes and issues for each period. Employing purposive sampling of conference proceedings and topics presented between 1990 and 2017, the authors found the following trends over the years: i) the pluralization and diversification of themes and topics; ii) an increasing interest for cross-thematic studies, and iii) a greater emphasis on sustainability and environmental issues in recent years. Based on these observations, the authors acknowledge that the evolution of discourses in SEAGA conferences is also a part of broader thematic shifts in international publications such as the Journal of Geography and has a direct bearing on changes in the geography curriculum in schools in other places around the world. In addition, there is a natural confluence of academic geographers and geography educators in the region in discoursing topics that matter to Southeast Asia.