Tan, Chee Lay

In Singapore, where Chinese is learned as a second language, how to provide useful guidance of writing composition to primary school students has become an important topic. On the basis of Vygotsky's (1978) Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and Bruner's (1983) concept of scaffolding, the research team has developed a five-step scaffolding teaching model incorporated with some effective strategies of writing instruction. The model has been put into practice in two government schools for one year. Based on the authentic classroom discourses, classroom observations and teachers' interviews gained from the project, this paper intends to analyse the participant teachers' scaffolding awareness and capability development in building classroom interaction, diagnosing students' difficulties and providing scaffolding. The results show that teachers' awareness and skills of scaffolding are essential to the successful implementation of the scaffolding teaching model.

在新加坡华文作为第二语言教学的语境中，如何在华文启蒙写作教学中给学生提供有益的帮助，是一个值得深入探讨的课题。笔者以Vygotsky（1978）的“最近发展区”和Bruner（1983）的“鹰架教学”概念为理论依据，以写作教学实践中公认的有效教学策略为参考，设计出一个由五个教学步骤组成的鹰架写作教学模式，并在两所小学进行了为期一年的实验。本文以项目实践中产生的课堂语料为主要数据，参照课堂观察记录以及教师访谈资料，重点分析实验教师在建构课堂互动、诊断学习困难、提供鹰架帮助这三个方面的鹰架搭建意识及技能的应用。分析结果表明，培养教师鹰架搭建的意识及实施技能是成功推行本鹰架教学模式的重要基础。

For Chinese Language of Nanyang Technological University in cooperation with Lu Feng Technology. It is designed according to the reading ability and needs of preschool children.

This pre-school graded picture book has four levels and is suitable for children aged 3 to 7 years old. Parents and teachers can also choose to read the book according to the Chinese reading ability of the child, and let the children read from shallow level to deep level step by step.

This series has the characteristics of targeted, interesting content, and rich auxiliary activities. Each book in the "Little Caterpillar Series" is accompanied by an interactive CD. In addition to the story animation, there are also reading activity sheets and MP3 files, so that adults and children can read, have fun and discover that learning Chinese is so interesting!

《小毛虫丛书》分级读本系列《小毛虫丛书》是南洋理工大学新加坡华文教研中心与陆锋科技合作出版的分级绘本，根据学前孩童的阅读能力和需要量身设计。这套学前分级绘本共有四个级别，适合3到7岁的孩童阅读。家长和教师也可以根据孩童的华文阅读能力选择读本，更可以让孩童由浅而深，循序渐进地进行阅读。本丛书具有目标针对性、图文内容趣味性、辅助活动丰富等特色。《小毛虫丛书》每本书均附互动光碟，内容除了故事动画，还有阅读活动单与MP3档案，让大人小孩读得开心、看得开心、玩得也开心，学华文原来这么有趣！

The teaching of traditional Chinese (Wenyan wen) is amongst the most difficult part of the Chinese curriculum in Singapore. Besides students’ learning difficulties in a predominantly English-speaking environment, the lack of learning interest and the shortage of interesting and innovative teaching materials and methods are some of the prevailing challenges. In view of this, I have designed and constructed a school-based design research, harnessing web-based technology, web 2.0 platforms, and multimedia strategies to teach traditional Chinese to an experiment class, with another class as its control group. Traditional Chinese passages from the Pre-university "Chinese and Literature" curriculum are selected to be the texts for this student-centered learning research. The findings of this research positively show that students who have gone through traditional Chinese teaching with interactive web-based tools, in comparison to the control group students, tend to recall information better, display higher interest in their learning, and perform significantly better in summative assessments, especially when the time gap between learning and assessment increases.

在新加坡，教导文言文是华文课程最困难的一部分。除了学生在一个普遍使用英语环境里会遇到的困难，现有的挑战也包括学生缺乏兴趣，缺少有趣和创新的教研材料和方法。有鉴于此，我设立了一个校本设计调查，把学生分为实验组和对照组。在试验组学生身上我利用互联网的技术，web 2.0平台和多媒体策略来教导文言文。这项以学生为主体的研究选择的篇章是大学先修班的 “华文与文学” 课程。这调查结果确实显现了通过互动网络工具来学习文言文的学生，信息提取能力更强。他们的学习兴趣比较高，测试表现比较好。尤其是当学习和测试相隔一段时间后，试验组学生的表现更为出色。

This paper is an analysis of the training needs of Chinese Language teachers in the construction of a professional development framework in preschools in Singapore.

本文分析了汉语教师在新加坡幼儿园建立专业发展框架的培训需求。

The exposure to language use has a strong impact on children’s language learning and development in the long run. In order to define language dominance of Singapore preschoolers, and especially in the area of Chinese word recognition which is the focus of this paper, I would be looking at a number of multiple factors, such as the child’s language use in specific contexts, frequency of contact with Mandarin-speaking adults, the exposure to Chinese language the child has and the literacy support given to the child, etc., as points of references in investigating Singapore Chinese preschoolers’ competence in Chinese character recognition. While the survey and test results show that there is room for improvement in preschoolers’ Character Recognition, the findings also lead me to examine some of the current situations and practices in preschools and at home, and this paper will offer critical reflections to improve the teaching and learning of Chinese characters in Singapore.

从长远角度来讲，语言使用的环境对儿童语言学习和发展有着强烈的影响。了解新加坡学龄前儿童的语言使用，特别在识字领域，是本文重点讨论的内容。我将探讨一系列因素，如在特定语境中儿童语言的使用，与讲华语的成年人接触的频率，儿童对所掌握的中文的接触，以及能为孩子提供的识字能力的支持等。这些将作为调查新加坡华族学前儿童汉字识别能力的参考因素。调查和测试结果表明，学前儿童的认字能力仍有改进的余地，但研究结果也使我对学前儿童和家庭的现状和做法进行了考察，本文将提出批评性建议，以提高新加坡汉字教学水平的思考。

Taking Taylor's model as a starting point, we will provide a brief introduction to the festivals teaching in Singapore, which is widely known to cover multiple races, and frame the direction and context of the festivals’ teaching activities. The introduction of the festival is written in the context of general knowledge and the values represented in early childhood education. The simple readings, rich with emotions, provided to kindergarten teachers and the number of simple teaching activities that can be operated in kindergartens vary. We hope that the content of this book can give kindergarten teachers the inspiration, so that teachers can extend and modify the teaching plans provided in the book according to the age and proficiency of the children in the class, and the teaching plans can also be transferred to and improved with each other. Each lesson plan also suggests a lesson plan to provide teachers with a reference for teaching assessment.

以泰勒工学模式作为思考出发，提供新加坡广为人知涵盖多个种族的节庆教学案例介绍，并框架出节庆教学活动进行的方向与脉络。节日的介绍以普遍化的知识以及在幼儿教育中所代表的价值作为背景书写，提供给幼儿园教师简洁却有情感的阅读文字，以及可在幼儿园运作的简单教学活动数则不等。我们期待本书内容可以给予幼儿园教