Liu, Woon Chia

The present study focuses on the perspectives of teachers and students in Singapore schools after an autonomy-supportive classroom intervention. Nurturing of students to become motivated and self-regulated learners can be achieved by promoting an autonomy-supportive learning climate. This study examines the perspectives of teachers and students in an in-depth and meaningful manner after the classroom intervention. Through students' viewpoints, teachers can understand their structure of teaching style and students' expectations. Findings of semi-structured interviews with students and teachers were analyzed, with emerging themes discussed in the context of literature. Based on qualitative data, this preliminary study explores a rich and meaningful insight to students' expectations of their teachers and teachers' expectations towards their students. The qualitative data provided relevant and practical insights into the classroom intervention, suggesting that teachers should be aware of their instructional behaviors in class as such acts might have ramification on students' perception, motivation and learning. Limitations and implications are also discussed.

Based on three major theories in the motivation literature – the self-determination theory, the achievement goal theory, and implicit theories of intelligence – this research project seeks to deconstruct the psychological underpinnings of Normal stream students’ motivation in the Mathematics classroom and provide answers on why (the causes) and how (the underlying mechanisms) students are motivated or unmotivated to pursue academic excellence. Specifically, it investigates the relationship between students’ intrinsic motivations, self- regulation, intelligence beliefs and goals adopted in Mathematics, as well as teachers’ intelligence beliefs and teaching methods, with an aim toward informing a follow-up intervention study.

Suzanne S. Choo, Woon Chia Liu, and Bee Leng Chua offer a dynamic look into the tripartite relationship between education research, policy, and practice that characterizes Singapore’s changing education landscape. Over the years, Singapore has garnered increasing attention internationally for its world-class education system. Pushing back against the stereotypical notions of exam- and teacher-centric education in Asia, the contributors to this volume discuss opportunities as well as challenges in Singapore’s innovation towards constructivist, critical, culturally responsive, and cosmopolitan forms of learning. Highlighting the pedagogical innovation and its context in Singapore’s teacher education and schools, the authors bridge theory and practice by providing an understanding of innovative practices informed by key shifts in Singapore's education policies and the key conceptual principles informing these practices. More importantly, it provides on-the-ground empirical insights into the ways these innovative pedagogical practices are enacted in the classroom and in teacher education programmes. Each chapter provides an in-depth understanding of how these pedagogies are applied across various subject disciplines, including guided problem-solving in Mathematics, games-based pedagogy in Science, multimodal literacies in language, ethical criticism in Literature, Nonlinear Pedagogy in Physical Education, multicultural approaches in music, and dialogic pedagogy in drama, among others. Balancing theoretical and empirical focus, this resourceful text will be of interest to students, researchers, and practitioners in educational development, pedagogy, and teacher education, as well as policymakers across international fields in education.

In this study, we shared findings from selected student teachers in National Institute of Education (a teacher education institution in Singapore) who have created eportfolios that presented their learning and teaching practicum experiences. The eportfolios were constructed with the aim to document their learning journey and teaching practices, and to reflect and showcase what they have achieved. Data were extracted from their eportfolio artifacts in order to seek evidence of their teacher identity formed during this process. The main research questions addressed in this paper were: ―What type of teacher identity was reflected through pre-service teachers’ use of eportfolios?‖; and ―How their teacher identity developed in different contexts over time?‖ The paper concluded that student teachers‘ identities evolved as they went through the teacher education program. Such identity constructions are never fixed, and develop under the influence of student teachers‘ surrounding contexts and experiences.

The Professional Practice and Inquiry (PPI) course was introduced to equip pre-service teachers with the knowledge, skills and values required to develop them into reflective practitioners with a strong teacher identity. This study looks into the efficacy of the course in the preparation of thoughtful and reflective teachers. Self-reported questionnaires were administered to the pre-service teachers. Interviews were conducted to complement the quantitative findings. Findings suggested that pre-service teachers were (i) more aware of their teaching identity, (ii) perceived themselves as teacher inquirers, (iii) more able to engage in cognitive self-regulation and (iv) were more cognizant of their Graduand Teacher Competencies.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; 2 Jackson and Eklund, 2002). One thousand five hundred and seventy-eight secondary school 3 students (One thousand and seventy four males, four hundred and eleven females, ninety-three 4 missing) from six schools in Singapore completed the questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis 5 (CFA) was used to evaluate the factorial structure of the DFS-2. A nine-first-order factor model was 6 compared to a higher order model with a global flow factor. Support was found for the higher order 7 factor. Multigroup analysis demonstrated invariance of the factor forms, factor loadings, factor 8 variances, and factor covariances across age and sex. The DFS-2 subscales were found to have 9 acceptable reliability estimates, and convergent validity. We conclude that DFS-2 is a valid 10 instrument for assessing global flow experience in Internet gaming.

The present research seeks to utilize Implicit Theories of Intelligence (mindsets) and Achievement Goal Theory to understand students’ intrinsic motivation and academic performance in mathematics in Singapore. 1,201 lower-progress stream students (596 males, 580 females, 25 missing data), ages ranged from 13 to 17 years (M = 14.68 years old, SD = 0.57), from 17 secondary schools in Singapore took part in the study. Using structural equation modeling, results confirmed hypotheses that incremental mindset predicted mastery-approach goals and, in turn, predicted intrinsic motivation and mathematics performance. Entity mindset predicted performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals. Performance-approach goal was positively linked to intrinsic motivation and mathematics performance; performance-avoidance goal, however, negatively predicted intrinsic motivation and mathematics performance. The model accounted for 35.9% of variance in intrinsic motivation and 13.8% in mathematics performance. These findings suggest that intrinsic motivation toward mathematics and achievement scores might be enhanced through interventions that focus on incremental mindset and mastery-approach goal. In addition, performance-approach goal may enhance intrinsic motivation and achievement as well, but to a lesser extent. Finally, the study adds to the literature done in the Asian context and lends support to the contention that culture may affect students’ mindsets and adoption of achievement goals, and their associated impact on motivation and achievement outcomes.

In Nov 2002, a research team in the National Institute of Education, NTU, launched a cross-discipline quasi-experimental study on “Positive Social Climate for Enhancing Students’ Math Self-concept”. Its main objective is to find the attributes (variables) in the social climate which are accountable for the increase of self-concept of Secondary Two students in the Math remedial classes in Singapore neighbourhood schools. Phase One of this study is Instrumentation: validating the scales used in the measurement of treatment effect. Phase Two is Intervention: the teachers’ / tutors’ interactions with students, the enhancement of students’ capabilities and confidence. These teachers / tutors will attend workshops conducted before the intervention in Phrase Two. The Pretest results will help identify students with high or low Math Self-concept. And the Posttest will help measure the effect of invention on these students’ Math Self-concept. Factors contributed to the significant changes will also be explored. H.W. Marsh’s Self-Description Questionnaire (SDQ-II, 1990) and B. Fraser’s “What is happening in this Class?” questionnaire were validated together with the Motivational Orientation scale and Intellectual Achievement Responsibility (IAR) questionnaire in Phase One. More than 700 Secondary Two students from four neighbourhood schools took part in the survey. Some preliminary findings in Phase One of this study will be presented in this paper. Gender and course differences in Math Self-concept and other variables will also be discussed.